By Alicia Wallace

The labor market may be rousing from its slumber.

Economists are expecting that Friday’s jobs report will show that the US economy added 105,000 jobs in May and the unemployment rate held steady at 4.3%.

If Friday’s monthly total comes in as expected – and the prior months’ figures aren’t revised starkly lower – it would mark three consecutive months of 100,000-plus jobs added.

That kind of hat trick hasn’t been accomplished since the first three months of 2024.

While one month does not make a trend, three sure seem like a start: Job gains upward of 100,000 could indicate that the labor market is stabilizing.

However, it’s also not that simple: The labor market is in the throes of a complex evolution, with many different moving parts.

At play are structural changes, a generational technology movement, and a slew of external variables, to name a few.

“It’s just in this place where we’re really resetting a new normal, what normal is going to look like, and what a ‘good jobs report’ will look like moving forward, which is different than it was pre-pandemic and from historical trends,” said Nicole Bachaud, ZipRecruiter’s chief economist.

It’s also not just reflected in slower job gains, said Nela Richardson, chief economist at ADP.

A sign posted outside a Target store states the company is hiring in Encinitas, California, U.S., March 30, 2026. Mike Blake/File/Reuters

“The jobs are more likely to be part-time, they’re more likely to be in healthcare, they are more likely to be low-paying,” she said.

Here are a few dynamics to keep in mind and keep an eye out for in Friday’s report:

How broad-based is job growth?

Healthcare and social assistance – a sector buoyed by an aging population – has gone from driving job gains to propping up the entire labor market.

The sector, one of the nation’s largest, accounts for 15% of overall employment.

“My concern for the last two years is how one-note the labor market was,” Richardson said. “Basically, all the job gains came from healthcare. Nothing in manufacturing. Construction ebbs and flows with cyclical interest rates. And no sense of broad-based hiring.”

That appears to be changing, Richardson said.

ADP’s recent monthly employment reports, including one for May released Wednesday, showed that job gains are picking up across a wider array of industries in the private sector.

When Friday’s report is released, one metric to watch will be the Diffusion Index, which provides a measurement of job growth across major industries. A number greater than 50 indicates that more industries are adding jobs than shedding them.

What’s the trajectory for wage growth?

Wage gains have been slowing from their post-pandemic highs — but for the past three years, they were still outpacing inflation.

That changed in April, when the oil supply crunch from the US-Israeli war with Iran (and ensuing price shock) sent inflation to 3.8%. Average hourly earnings that month grew at a rate of 3.6%.

“An uptick in wage growth would be good news for workers struggling with higher prices, but it would also push the [Federal Reserve] in the direction of rate hikes,” Dean Baker, senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research, wrote in a note Wednesday.

What is the impact of high gas prices, tech layoffs and Spirit’s bankruptcy?

Businesses appear to be treating the spike in fuel prices as a temporary surge versus a sustained change, ZipRecruiter’s Bachaud said.

As such, there’s not expected to be a broad or discernible pullback in hiring or a rise in layoffs, she said, adding that industries to watch will include transportation, retail and construction.

Spirit Airlines planes sit parked at the Phoenix Goodyear Airport on May 8, 2026 in Arizona. The budget airline ceased all operations on May 2, 2026. Rebecca Noble/Getty Images

Employment in the transportation sector is expected to take a hit in May as a result of the 17,000-employee Spirit Airlines shutting down its operations on May 2.

Layoff announcements picked up in May, according to a new report released Thursday morning by Challenger, Gray & Christmas. The outplacement and coaching firm tracked 97,006 job cuts announced at US-based firms, up 16% from April and 3% from May of last year.

The lion’s share of the cuts was at technology firms, and artificial intelligence once again led the reasons for the planned reductions.

While mass layoffs, especially those cited to AI, make the headlines, economists aren’t sounding the alarm bells. They note that claims for unemployment benefits haven’t accelerated dramatically and remain near historic lows.

How is AI impacting the workforce?

AI adoption in the workplace remains “very early days,” Bachaud said.

“We’ve yet to see any widespread job displacement or really widespread growth,” she told CNN.

Rather, AI’s fingerprints are showing up in shifting job skills and blurring the lines between different roles, she said.

The excitement around AI is moving faster than the reality of everyday businesses — and also companies’ abilities to keep up, Bachaud said. Job offers for AI-specific roles, for example, have been rescinded more for any other job, she said.

“(Businesses) feel like they’re already behind, and there’s so much pressure to move quickly, but the hiring is still much slower,” she said.

It can also explain some of the dissonance seen in the recent labor turnover data where job openings spiked in April while hiring remained stunted.

“There’s a bit of a mismatch and skill level between what employers want to hire for and what job seekers are offering.”

That mismatch extends beyond AI, ADP’s Richardson said.

Open AI CEO Sam Altman speaks with reporters after meeting with Sen. Bernie Sanders on June 3 in Washington, DC. Altman met with Congressional leadership the day after President Donald Trump signed an executive order about artificial intelligence. Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images